Brighton

The Victorian era brought further dramatic changes to Brighton, most notably with the arrival of the railways in 1841. This new mode of transport made Brighton significantly more accessible, particularly to day-trippers from London, leading to a massive influx of visitors and solidifying its status as a major seaside resort. This increased accessibility spurred a boom in the construction of entertainment venues and accommodations to cater to the growing number of tourists.

Iconic landmarks such as the Grand Hotel, the West Pier, and the Palace Pier (later known as Brighton Pier) were constructed during this period, becoming synonymous with the Victorian seaside experience. Brighton's piers, in particular, evolved into elaborate entertainment complexes, offering a wide array of amusements for visitors. Beyond entertainment, Brighton also gained the nickname "School Town" during the mid-19th century, reflecting the remarkable number of boarding, charity, and church schools established in the area. The Victorian era also saw the development of elegant residential estates like Kemp Town and Brunswick Town, further expanding Brighton's footprint and catering to a diverse population. The advancements in infrastructure and the proliferation of entertainment options firmly established Brighton as a premier destination for leisure and recreation during the Victorian age.

To the west of Brighton lies Hove, a town with its own distinct history and character. Initially a small fishing village, Hove experienced significant growth in the 19th century, developing alongside its larger neighbor. Hove often attracted a more residential and affluent population, cultivating a reputation for elegance and a degree of independence from the bustling atmosphere of Brighton.

Hove boasts its own impressive architectural landmarks, most notably the Brunswick Estate, Adelaide Crescent, and Palmeira Square, all testaments to the Regency and Victorian eras. An intriguing, albeit ultimately unsuccessful, venture was the Anthaeum, an ambitious iron and glass conservatory project conceived in the 1830s. Hove has also been home to numerous notable residents throughout its history, including the prominent financier and advocate for Jewish emancipation, Sir Isaac Goldsmid, and the influential Sassoon family, whose presence significantly contributed to the area's social and cultural landscape. The name "Hove" itself has a debated etymology, with suggestions ranging from Old Norse and Old English terms related to halls, shelters, or anchorages. While closely linked geographically, Hove maintained a distinct identity, often seen as a more genteel counterpart to the lively dynamism of Brighton.

Further west along the coast lies Portslade, an area with a history extending even deeper into the past, with evidence of habitation dating back to the Stone Age. Portslade is mentioned in the Domesday Book, indicating its existence as a settled area in 1086. A significant historical landmark in Portslade is the Portslade Old Manor, a rare surviving example of a Norman manor house. The area has been associated with notable historical figures, including Hubert de Burgh, a powerful Justiciar of England in the 13th century, and Revd Richard William Enraght, a controversial Anglo-Catholic priest in the 19th century.

The arrival of the railway in 1840 spurred the development of the coastal area of Portslade, leading to the distinction between Portslade Village and the more industrial Portslade-by-Sea. The name "Portslade" is believed to derive from Old English, possibly meaning "way to the port". Portslade also played a role during World War II, experiencing bombing raids. With its ancient roots and distinct development, Portslade offers a unique historical perspective within the broader Brighton area.

Beyond its architectural and economic history, Brighton has cultivated a vibrant social and cultural scene, earning a reputation for attracting diverse and often unconventional communities. This spirit of inclusivity has long been a hallmark of the town, with a historically significant LGBTQ+ community finding a welcoming home here. Brighton's social history is populated with notable figures who embody this unique character, such as Martha Gunn, the celebrated 18th-century "dipper," and Phoebe Hessel, the cross-dressing soldier who settled in the town.

The development of entertainment and leisure activities has been central to Brighton's identity, extending beyond the iconic piers to include grand Regency balls, 1920s dance halls, and a thriving modern club scene. The annual Brighton Festival and numerous other cultural events further enrich the city's vibrant atmosphere. This enduring spirit of social and cultural dynamism has made Brighton a place where individuals seeking freedom and self-expression have long been drawn.

Brighton's economic history has been marked by significant shifts over the centuries. Initially a fishing village, the town's economy was heavily reliant on the sea. However, from the 18th century onwards, the tourism industry began to flourish, becoming a cornerstone of Brighton's economy.